Adult Education

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Population Structures

The structure of a population describes the relative numbers of people with similar characteristics within a population, for example, age groups, sex, ethnicity. The structure of a population shows how the subgroups within it affect its composition and characteristics. For example, it shows the percentages making up the different age groups of the population.

Population structure changes over time as people age, but also because of births, deaths and migration. Changes to social, environmental and economic conditions can also influence population structure. For example, changes in migration reflect a number of these factors and have different effects on different age groups.

The interrelationship between population, society, economics and the environment defines a population’s future size and make-up.

Population size can refer to the total number of people living within a defined area, or it can refer to a group of people from a defined area who have similar characteristics (eg children aged 0 to 4 years, people of Asian ethnicities, people who live in two-bedroom houses, people who live in Mangere or in the Southland region).

Population

When the Hewletts embarked upon their program of philanthropy, population issues were among the first they considered, with two grants in 1967 to Planned Parenthood Federation of America and the Planned Parenthood Association of San Francisco.
Since that time, the Population Program at The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation has awarded more than $470 million worldwide. But the mission remains essentially unchanged: to promote voluntary family planning and good reproductive health for all because of the benefits to individuals, societies, and the entire global community.
The Program pursues two complementary goals:
to enhance and protect the reproductive health and rights ofindividuals and
to stabilize global populations at levels that promote social andeconomic well-being and sustain the environment.
Our work includes helping women and their families choose the number and spacing of their children, preventing unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, and eliminating unsafe abortion. Over the past fifty years, better family planning and reproductive health have improved countless lives in many places, but much work remains to extend their benefits to all. In collaboration with other Foundation programs, the Population Program also supports related work to improve quality education in developing countries.

Population growth.....

Between October 2003 and December 2005, there were 524 individuals who were admitted to VA hospitals located in Washington State or Oregon and had a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina. These individuals were Washington State residents (identified by residential zip code) admitted to VA hospitals or were non-state residents admitted to 1 of 3 VA hospitals in Washington State. According to VA death records, 136 (26%) died prior to January 1, 2006. Using the social security number, full patient name, and date of birth, these records were linked to death records obtained from the Washington State Department of Health. This process identified 117 (86%) decedents in state death records. Of the 19 who were not found, 8 were Washington State residents, 6 were residents of Idaho, 3 – of Alaska, 1 – of Montana, and 1 – of Oregon. Individuals with missing death records were similar to those whose death records were found in that the two groups did not differ with respect to age, gender, race, or year of death.

Environmental effects of Population Explosion

The rapid increase of human population is putting an incredible strain on our environment. While developed countries continue to pollute the environment and deplete its resources, developing countries are under increasing pressure to compete economically and their industrial advancements are damaging as well. The demands that this growth places on our global environment are threatening the future of sustainable life on earth.
One of the largest environmental effects of human population growth is the problem of global warming. The energy production (via power plants and coal burning) that is needed to support human life is increasing the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which can lead to rising global temperatures. The more automobiles in use on the planet also contributes to the pollution problem and the injection of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Some scientists fear that global warming will lead to rising sea levels and extreme weather conditions in the future. In order to support the growing population, forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate. Many countries are constantly cutting down their forests to clear land for farming and to make room for housing.
Deforestation is harmful to the environment for several reasons. The tropical moist forests that are being lost provide homes for some of the most diverse animal and plant life on the planet. The clearing of these forests results in the extinction of many species, possibly including hundreds that are yet unidentified by scientists. Deforestation also adds to the problem of global warming, because trees naturally absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Humans also continue to put a great demand on the natural resources of our planet. Many non-renewable resources are being depleted due to the unrestrained use of fuel and energy. Many parts of the world also suffer from a shortage of food and water. The growth of population puts larger demands on our already limited resources. The environment on earth is suffering from the growth of global population. The depletion of resources and biodiversity, the production of waste, and the destroying of natural habitat are serious problems that must be addressed in order to ensure that life on earth will be sustainable throughout the next century. Possible place to address concerns/comments on issue (but not related to specific HR bill): Secretariat United Nations Population Fund 220 East 42nd Street New York.

ENVIRONMENT: Crises Likely to Spur Mass Migrations

UNITED NATIONS, Oct 9 (IPS) - As climate change, sea-level rise, earthquakes and floods threaten countries such as Bangladesh, Tuvalu, Vietnam and Tajikistan, the Tokyo-based U.N. University (UNU) warns that by 2050, some 200 million people will be displaced by environmental problems.This estimated figure is roughly equal to two-thirds of the current population in the United States or the combined population of Britain, France, Italy and the Netherlands. "All indicators show that we are dealing with a major emerging global problem," says Janos Bogardi, director of UNU's Institute on the Environment and Human Security. The issue of migration, he points out, represents the most profound expression of the inter-linkage between the environment and human security. Unlike the traditional economically-motivated migrants of today, the environmentally-motivated migration is expected to feature poorer people, more women, children and elderly, from more desperate environmental situations, and possibly less able to move far. A group of experts who did a two-year research study points out that existing human trafficking networks would gain strength and new ones could emerge as environmental deterioration, climate change and disaster uproot millions of people. In Bangladesh, women with children, whose husbands either died at sea during cyclone Sidr or are away as temporary labour migrants, are easy prey for traffickers and end up in prostitution networks or in forced labour in India. Bangladesh is also often considered "the country that could be most affected by climate change" due to projected sea-level rise and flooding from melting Himalayan glaciers. It is also heavily affected by sudden disasters, such as cyclones. According to preliminary findings, Bangladesh may lose up to one-fifth of its surface area due to rising sea level. And this scenario is likely to occur, if the sea level rises by one metre and no dyke enforcement measures are taken. Asked if there should be an international treaty to protect the new breed of environmental migrants, Bogardi told IPS: "Yes, there should be a convention or set of treaties and formal recognition of people displaced or migrating due to environmental causes." However, he said, such a treaty should be independent of the 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. The new refugees will also come from countries such as the Maldives, Tuvalu, Kiribati, and Palau: small islands in danger of being wiped off the face of the earth due to sea level rise triggered by climate change. "An entirely different question is how to deal with the disappearance of a state? This is a legal question and international lawyers have already been contemplating 'solutions' like governments [in permanent] exile or the model of the Sovereign Order of Malta," said Bogardi. "While the submergence of an entire state is unique, we expect that the humanitarian [and economic] challenge [measured by the number of people affected] will be much greater in the deltas of Bangladesh, the Nile River, Mekong River or even the Rhine and Mississippi Rivers, than in small island states," he added. A three-day conference on environmental migrants, described as the largest ever conference on this issue, is expected to conclude next weekend in Bonn, Germany. Hosted by UNU, the conference, which is being attended by officials and experts from about 80 countries, also serves as a platform to introduce the fledgling Climate Change Environment and Migration Alliance (CCEMA). Meanwhile, addressing the high-level segment of the General Assembly sessions last month, the vice president of Palau, Elias Camsek Chin, told member states they must be guided by a single consideration: "Saving those small island states that today live in danger of disappearance." Palau and members of the Pacific Islands Forum, including Kiribati, Marshall Islands and Micronesia, "are deeply concerned about the growing threat which climate change poses not only to our sustainable development but also to our future survival," Chin said. "This is a security matter which has gone un-addressed," he warned the General Assembly. James Michel, the president of Seychelles, a tiny island in the Indian Ocean, said: "It is not right that small island states have to run the risk of being submerged by rising sea levels, whilst some nations refuse to even acknowledge their responsibility for the high levels of environmental pollution which are now threatening the planet's resources." Kiribati's President Anote Tong told the General Assembly his country has only several decades before its islands become uninhabitable. The 100,000 people in his country must one day move elsewhere, he said. Asked if any of the countries neighbouring these small island states have expressed their willingness to accommodate the new migrants, Bogardi told IPS: "There is no recognition [yet] of environmentally [forced] migrants, hence there is no specific expression of obligation to let in migrants who migrate due to sea level rise, frequent storm surges or other such environmental events." "It is one of our main goals to establish and have accepted three categories of environmental migrants [namely, environmentally motivated migrants, environmentally forced migrants and environmental emergency migrants]," he said. The latter category of environmental emergency migrants would account for those displaced by natural hazard events like earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis etc. Bogardi said the frequently reported Tuvalu-New Zealand deal on migrants does not refer to accepting migrants for environmental reasons but rather New Zealand providing a labour migration quota for people from Tuvalu through its Pacific Access Category migration programme. Asked about the possible extinction of some of the low-lying small island states, Bogardi said some small island states could face "disappearance" in the case of more extreme sea level rise than expected in benchmark reports such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Even if sea level rise exceeds expectations, he pointed out, the process is likely to be gradual over decades. "Increasing sea level would threaten coastal aquifers, thus feasible life and economic activities would diminish much before the islands would disappear," he said. Consequently, he added, "we expect migratory trends to emerge" or be stronger than at present in the years and decades to come. "In summary, we expect depopulation as an ultimate coping measure to be implemented gradually before the physical disappearance of those islands. Time scale is decades, if not centuries."